HISTORY OF INTELLECTUAL ASSESSMENT
We begin our discussion of intellectual assessment with a review of historical perspectives. This vantage point is critical because little can be understood devoid of knowledge of its history. Speculations into the nature of human intelligence can be traced back to the Greek philosopher Plato (ca. 428/427–348/347 B.C.E.) who referred to reason as the highest functioning part of the soul. Since that time, philosophers and scientists have engaged in dialogue pertaining to the nature of cognitive processing and intelligent behavior. Beginning in the sixteenth century, attempts were made to differentiate mental deficiencies from mental illness. Prominent philosophers and psychologists involved in this work include Jean Esquirol, Sir Francis Galton, Alfred Binet, and
James Cattell.
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